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Gravio Tech Manufacturing, a private company, recognizes the Gravio Workers Union (GWU). The employee handbook and the current collective bargaining agreement state: "All employees in GWU-covered departments shall remain members of GWU as a condition of continued employment; failure to maintain membership within 10 days after any lapse shall result in progressive discipline up to discharge." Jian, who originally joined GWU at the time of hire, later resigns from the union. After 18 months, the company discovers his non-membership and terminates him for non-membership. (a) Identify the controlling doctrine governing mandatory union membership and the so-called 'closed shop' provisions in Philippine law. (b) Is the clause enforceable? Explain the governing rule and apply it to Jian's situation. (c) If Jian is terminated for non-membership, what remedy may he pursue and what is the likely outcome?