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Facts: A private individual, Juan Dela Cruz, runs a recruitment outfit named Starline Overseas in Pasig City. He has no POEA license or authority to conduct overseas recruitment. He posts online ads offering overseas housekeeping jobs in the fictitious country of Auralia with salaries advertised at PHP 42,000 per month. He collects processing, medical, and documentary fees from applicants totaling PHP 16,000–28,000 each. He furnishes fake Auralia Hospitality Co. job orders and a signed contract that he says will be finalized once the applicant is deployed, and he instructs applicants to keep the arrangement secret from their families and friends. After several victims discover the ruse and file complaints, Dela Cruz is charged with illegal recruitment. (a) Identify the governing doctrine and the elements of illegal recruitment that apply to Dela Cruz’s acts. (b) Distinguish between direct illegal recruitment and grave illegal recruitment and indicate whether Dela Cruz’s scheme fits one of these categories. (c) Apply the facts to determine Dela Cruz’s liability under the illegal recruitment statute.