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LumiBridge Overseas Services, a Philippine-based local recruitment entity, arranges overseas employment for Jessa, a Filipino nurse, to Country Y to work for AstraHarvest International. LumiBridge collects a placement fee, signs a contract naming AstraHarvest International as the employer and Jessa as the employee, and facilitates visa processing. AstraHarvest International does not hold a license to recruit in the Philippines and does not hire directly from applicants. Jessa travels to Country Y and begins work; AstraHarvest International pays only a portion of the promised salary and denies certain benefits. LumiBridge remains active and unpunished. (a) Identify the controlling rule on liability for illegal recruitment under Republic Act No. 8042 (Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act), as amended, and explain who may be held liable. (b) In the scenario above, discuss whether AstraHarvest International can be held liable as the foreign employer for illegal recruitment despite not recruiting directly in the Philippines and lacking a Philippine POEA license. (c) Are LumiBridge Overseas Services and AstraHarvest International jointly and solidarily liable to Jessa? If yes, explain the scope of liability and remedies.