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On 2012-06-12, Kiko commits robbery with violence resulting in minor injuries to a store clerk. In 2020, a new statute reduces the penalty for robbery with violence. In 2023, Kiko is charged for the 2012 offense. (a) State the doctrine of prospectivity and the favorability rule governing retroactive application of penal laws in the Philippines. (b) Apply the doctrine to the facts: should the 2020 statute apply to Kiko's 2012 offense? Explain. (c) If the 2020 statute had instead increased the penalty for the same offense, would retroactive application be allowed to Kiko's 2012 offense? Explain.